Ebola Virus Essays (1820 words) - Biological Weapons,

Ebola Virus In the world today, there are many known deadly viruses, but few present as great a threat as Ebola, the virus that causes Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever. Key factors in understanding Ebola HF include: Its history, plan of attack, and the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. The Ebola virus can, and usually does cause a disease called Ebola hemorrhagic fever, which is a Viral hemorrhagic fever. According to the proceedings of the 4th National Symposium on Biosafety, the clinical definition for Viral hemorrhagic fever is as follows. "Viral hemorrhagic fever is an acute infection that begins with fever, myalgia, malaise and progresses to prostration. It shows evidence of vascular dysregulation and increased vascular permeability and can include multisystem involvement. The hemorrhage indicates extent of small vessel involvement but not necessarily large in volume. Shock, encephalopathy, extensive hemorrhage, and poor prognosis should be expected" (4th National 2). The Ebola virus is named after a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) in Africa, where it was first recognized. The Ebola virus is closely related to the Marburg virus. Both are members of a relatively new family of viruses called Filoviradae. Ebola hemorrhagic fever is classified as a BSL-4 (biosafety level 4) agent, which is the most dangerous in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classification system. BSL-4 agents are exotic agents that pose a high risk of life-threatening disease, and for which there is no vaccine or therapy. "Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a severe, often-fatal disease in humans and non human primates (monkeys and chimpanzees) that has appeared sporadically since its initial recognition in 1976" (CDC 1). Common human perceptions of this virus are, for the most part, accurate in that it is a highly contagious agent that can cause a fatal disease called Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Although, there are a few misconceptions such as the belief that the virus can be transmitted from person to person through the air, which is not known to be true, and later explained. Also, contrary to popular assumptions, humans are not carriers of the virus, as we are with the influenza virus, 2 for example. The initial patient in an outbreak must have somehow contracted the virus from an infected primate carrier, such as a monkey, which will also be explained. Listed, are some of the more pertinent outbreaks of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. In 1976, the first and largest outbreak of the virus occurred in Yambuku, Zaire, killing 88% of 318 infected patients. This species was named respectively, Ebola-Zaire, and has appeared in four other outbreaks to date. The Ebola-Sudan species appeared, naturally in the cities of Nzara and Maridi, Sudan also in 1976. The death toll was much less than the Zaire outbreak at 53% of 284 infected persons. In 1995, the Ebola-Zaire species struck again, killing 81% of 315 reported cases. This time, the outbreak occurred in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, which was the new name Zaire. In the United States, to date, no case of the disease in humans has ever been reported, not to say the virus has never been here. In 1989, 1990, and 1996, Ebola, or at least a weaker species of the virus was brought into quarantined facilities in Virginia, Texas, and Pennsylvania by infected monkeys imported from the Philippines. In both 1989 and 1990, four humans were infected with the virus, but did not become ill. Obviously, the species of the virus, now called Ebola-Reston, that entered the United States was a much weaker species than those in Zaire and Sudan. "The Reston outbreak served as an important wake-up call for the U.S. Army and CDC research groups. Among other things, it demonstrated the need for better diagnostic tools" (4th National 10). Transmission of the Ebola virus is highly dependent upon the initial infection of a human. It is hypothesized that the first infected human in an outbreak must have been infected by an animal. This first infected patient in an outbreak is called the index case. At this point, humans can transmit the virus from person to person in several ways. People can contract the Ebola virus through contact with the blood and/or secretions of an infected person. For this reason, this virus is commonly spread among family members in the course of feeding, holding, or otherwise caring for infected persons in any way that they would come in contact with such 3 secretions. Also, people can be exposed to the virus through contact with objects, such as needles, that have been contaminated with infected secretions. The

Change in vc startups in recent years essays

Change in vc startups in recent years essays The Change in VC startups in recent years. During the prosperous internet boom of the late nineties venture capitalists threw their money at the young entrepreneurs and their internet startups. The older and more experienced entrepreneurs and their more traditional business outlook were thought to be old and outdated. The internet startups were seen as the seeds of change in a new economy. Perhaps they were, but an unforeseen downfall in the E-conomy has changed all that. In the past two years that bias has changed venture capitalists have reset their values once again looking to older more experienced entrepreneurs, or ones who have already made the mistakes and learned from them. You throw away the ones who are new to this experience and you are more likely to get a good business plan. -Jesse Reyes of Venture Economics. Statistically, the age of start up founding teams has gone way up. Venture Capitalists are looking for business plans that will outlive the short term. Especially in this economy, seeing that in the internet boom mistakes could be made and the market could carry you forward. The pad of the forward spiraling market is no longer there. Therefore the new startups would be, Jumping without a net. Investors see this and wont take the risk with a young new entrepreneur who hasnt experienced the pitfalls that some of the older ones have. A bright young guy might have the drive, and passion, but he lacks the seasoned view about how not to get trapped by going down a rat hole. Weve been there and done that. Said, Ralph Cognac who launched Integrated Telecom Express which went public in 2000. Ralph, 59, along with Jim Kubinec, 63, and Rich Forte, 60, just launched RFco. (A radio frequency chip producer located in Los Gatos.) Together they received $16.5 million from investors who saw them as a secure investment. In conclusion, wise venture capitalists and inv...